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The Polish Operation of the Soviet NKVD security service in 1937–1938 was a mass operation of the NKVD carried out against purported Polish agents in the Soviet Union during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo against the so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by the NKVD officials as relating to "absolutely all Poles". It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 ethnic Poles,〔〔〔Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). ''(Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. )'' New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19196-8. p. 217.〕 as well as those accused of working for Poland. The operation was implemented according to NKVD Order № 00485 signed by Nikolai Yezhov.〔 The majority of the victims were ethnically Polish but not all, according to Timothy Snyder, who gives a conservative estimate of 85,000 confirmed Poles executed simultaneously across the country.〔Snyder, Timothy (2010). (''Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin'' ), New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9. pp. 103–104.〕 The remainder were 'suspected' of being Polish, without further inquiry. In order to speed up the process the NKVD personnel reviewed local telephone books and arrested persons with Polish-sounding names. In Leningrad alone, almost 7,000 citizens were rounded up this way. A vast majority of such nominal "suspects" were executed within 10 days of arrest. The Polish Operation was the largest ethnic shooting and deportation action during the Great Terror campaign of political murders in the Soviet Union, orchestrated by Joseph Stalin. ==Order № 00485== (詳細はNKVD Order No. 00485, called "On the liquidation of the Polish diversionist and espionage groups and POW units," was approved on August 9, 1937 by the Party's Central Committee Politburo, and was signed by Nikolai Yezhov on August 11, 1937.〔 It was distributed to the local subdivisions of the NKVD simultaneously with Yezhov's thirty-page "secret letter," explaining what the "Polish operation" was all about. The letter was entitled, "On fascist-resurrectionist, spying, diversional, defeationist, and terrorist activity of Polish intelligence in the USSR".〔Original doc. ( (see full text in the Russian language) ) entitled: "О фашистско-повстанческой, шпионской, диверсионной, пораженческой и террористической деятельности польской разведки в СССР." Хлевнюк О. В. Политбюро: Механизмы политической власти в 1930-е гг. М., 1996.〕 Stalin demanded the NKVD to "keep on digging out and cleaning out this Polish filth." The "Order" also established simplified the so-called "album procedure" (as it was called in NKVD circles). The long lists of prisoners condemned by the lower NKVD organs during the initial investigations, were collected into "albums" and sent to the midrange NKVD offices for a stamp of approval. After the approval of the entire "album" the executions were carried out immediately. This procedure was also used in other mass operations of the NKVD. The "Polish Operation" was a second in a series of national operations of the NKVD, carried out by the Soviet Union against ethnic groups including Latvian, Finnish, German and Romanian, based on a theory about an internal enemy (i.e. the fifth column) labelled as the "hostile capitalist surrounding" residing along its western borders.〔 Historian Timothy Snyder wrote that this fabricated justification was intended only to cover-up the state-sanctioned campaign of mass-murder aiming to eradicate Poles as a national (and linguistic) minority group.〔 Another possible cause according to Snyder might have sprung from the necessity to explain the Soviet-made famine in Ukraine which required a political scapegoat. A top Soviet official Vsevolod Balitsky chose the Polish Military Organization which was disbanded in 1921. The NKVD declared that it continued to exist. Some Soviet Poles were tortured in order to confess to its existence, and denounce other individuals as spies. Meanwhile, the Communist International helped by revisiting its files in search of Polish members, producing another bountiful source of made-up evidence.〔Timothy Snyder (2005), ''( Sketches from a Secret War )'' Yale University Press, p. 129. ISBN 030010670X〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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